Supertraining

--- In [EMAIL PROTECTED], "chaney21200" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
wrote:
>
>     I had a client ask a strange question the other day.  His
question
> was "what is the max heart rate that a person can maintain and
sustain
> will working cardio conditioning until the body will shut down."  My
> educated guess was 220.  But know that the body will voluntarily
slow
> down with the fatigue and lactic acid overcoming the person.  Has
there
> been any studies or a definite answers for this type of performance.
>
> Thank you for you time on reading my question.

***
The below abstract and link may be helpful:

http://faculty.css.edu/tboone2/asep/Robergs.doc

THE SURPRISING HISTORY OF THE "HRmax=220-age" EQUATION. Robert A.
Robergs, Roberto Landwehr. JEPonline. 2002;5(2):1-10. The estimation
of maximal heart rate (HRmax) has been a feature of exercise
physiology and related applied sciences since the late 1930's.  The
estimation of HRmax has been largely based on the formula; HRmax=220-
age.  This equation is often presented in textbooks without
explanation or citation to original research.  In addition, the
formula and related concepts are included in most certification exams
within sports medicine, exercise physiology, and fitness.  Despite
the acceptance of this formula, research spanning more than two
decades reveals the large error inherent in the estimation of HRmax
(Sxy=7-11 b/min).  Ironically, inquiry into the history of this
formula reveals that it was not developed from original research, but
resulted from observation based on data from approximately 11
references consisting of published research or unpublished scientific
compilations.

***Consequently, the formula HRmax=220-age has no scientific merit
for use in exercise physiology and related fields.  A brief review of
alternate HRmax prediction formula reveals that the majority of age-
based univariate prediction equations also have large prediction
errors (>10 b/min).  Clearly, more research of HRmax needs to be done
using a multivariate model, and equations may need to be developed
that are population (fitness, health status, age, exercise mode)
specific.

================
Based on this review of research and application of HRmax prediction, the 
following recommendations can be made;

1.      Currently, there is no acceptable method to estimate HRmax.

2. If HRmax needs to be estimated, then population specific formulae should be 
used.  However, the most accurate general equation is that of Inbar (17) (Table 
3); HRmax=205.8-0.685(age).  Nevertheless, the error (Sxy=6.4 b/min) is still 
unacceptably large.

3.  An acceptable prediction error for HRmax for application to estimation of 
VO2max is <„b3 b/min.   Thus, for a person with a HRmax of 200 b/min, error 
equals „b1.5%.  If this precision is not possible, then there is no 
justification for using methods of VO2max estimation that rely on HRmax 
prediction formulae.
4. Additional research needs to be performed that develops multivariate 
regression equations that improve the accuracy of HRmax prediction for specific 
populations, and modes of exercise.

5. The use of HRmax is most prevalent in the fitness industry, and the people 
who work in these facilities mainly have a terminal undergraduate degree in 
exercise science or related fields.  These students/graduates need to be better 
educated in statistics to recognize and understand the concept of prediction 
error, and the practical consequences of relying on an equation with a large 
standard error of estimate (Sxy).

6. Textbooks in exercise physiology and exercise prescription should contain 
content that is more critical of the HRmax=220-age or similar formulae.  
Authors need to stress the mode-specificity of HRmax, provide alternate, 
research substantiated formula, and express all content of items 1-5, above. 
Similarly, academic coverage of HRmax needs to explain how this error detracts 
from using HRmax estimation in many field tests of physical fitness and in 
exercise prescription.


=======================
Jamie Carruthers
Wakefield, UK